01.06.2018
Ratterfreier Prozess mit Werkzeugen von MAPAL
An die Situation angepasste Lösungen reduzieren Schwingungen deutlich
Schwingungen sind Alltag in der zerspanenden Bearbeitung und haben zwei Ursachen: Entweder werden sie von außen angeregt, oder aber der Zerspanungsprozess selbst löst sie aus. Diese selbsterregten Ratterschwingungen wirken sich negativ auf die Bearbeitung aus und können durchaus mittels geeigneter Maßnahmen beeinflusst werden. MAPAL stellt diesem Phänomen unterschiedliche Werkzeugkonzepte entgegen.
Sogenannte selbsterregte Ratterschwingungen, also von der Zerspanung selbst ausgelöste Schwingungen, wirken in mehrerlei Hinsicht negativ. An erster Stelle steht das Bearbeitungsergebnis, das der Zerspaner nicht oder nicht optimal erreicht. Schwingungen verkürzen darüber hinaus die Standzeit der Werkzeuge, oft erheblich. Zudem belastet ein Rattern die Werkzeugmaschine selbst.
Am Werkzeug nehmen die Folgen von Biege- oder Torsionsschwingungen während der Zerspanung unterschiedliche Ausmaße an, denn sie führen zum sogenannten Rattern:
- Schlechte Rundheiten und Zylinderformen
- Ungenügende Oberflächengüten
- Im Extremfall gebrochene Schneiden oder Werkzeuge.
Causes of chatter vibrations
The chattering vibrations come from a dynamic instability of the machining process. This can
have different causes. For example, an incorrectly clamped tool or inadequately fixed clamping can cause chattering. The same applies for long, narrow tools with correspondingly low bending resistance. If too much force acts on them due to excessive cutting speeds for example, chattering vibrations are the result. When machining very hard materials, increased vibrations occur compared with softer materials. Tool clamping also significantly affects the stability of the system. In addition high cutting depths and interrupted cuts also act as excitation of vibration. The ratio of the excitation and movement describes the stability of the process.
The precision tool manufacturer MAPAL has intensively looked into the causes for chattering vibrations. They can be prevented or compensated by different approaches. For example, one way is to reduce the load and dynamics of the system – as a result of adapted cutting speeds or the optimum relationship between the speed and feed. A second approach that is decisive for the tool manufacturer is, to design the tools themselves more stably, thereby reducing the acting forces and stabilising the machining process using special tool geometries.
Countersink with reduced axial forces for stable countersinking
drills or cordless drills. These machine conditions inevitably give rise to instability of the entire system. It was therefore important when developing a new countersink for it to stabilise itself. MAPAL has developed a new generation of countersinks with significantly reduced axial forces for this use. The force reduced by 50 percent results from the significantly unequal spacing of the three cutting edges. The Y-cutting edge arrangement also leads to an even, defined applied force and prevents the cutting edges jamming. The result is significantly fewer vibrations on the tool which can be noticed by higher accuracies, better surface finishes and
longer tool lives.
ARC shaped land for best support
Welded construction for dynamic lightness
be absorbed or compensated. Otherwise work must be performed with such low cutting speeds
that the process is not economical. For this case, MAPAL has developed the so-called “welded construction”. A thin-walled tube serves as a tool body, making the tool extremely light but also
very stable and rigid – “dynamically light”. The carriers for the inserts and guide pads are welded on and supported one another by means of connecting ribs. To optimise the relationship of rigidity and weight and to counteract the pendulum oscillations, for this type of tool MAPAL simulates the machining forces as well as the stresses that arise, bending vibrations and torsion vibrations by means of FEM (Finite Element Method). All in all the risk of chattering is minimised and the support and therefore the stability of the entire system is also ensured for an interrupted cut.